Five Conditions That Disrupt Salivary Gland Function

Your salivary glands may be small, but they play a vital role in your daily health—helping you chew, swallow, and even protecting your teeth from decay. When something goes wrong with these unsung heroes of digestion and oral hygiene, it can lead to discomfort, pain, and more serious complications. From infections to growths and autoimmune disorders, several conditions can interfere with normal salivary gland function. Let’s explore five of the most common culprits:

1. Sialolithiasis (Salivary Gland Stones)
One of the most frequent problems is the formation of small, hard mineral deposits known as salivary stones. These develop when calcium and other minerals build up in the ducts of the salivary glands, often blocking the flow of saliva. The result? Swelling, pain—especially during meals—and sometimes infection. The submandibular glands (under the jaw) are most commonly affected. While small stones may pass on their own, larger ones might require medical intervention, such as massage, ultrasound therapy, or even minor surgery.

2. Sialadenitis (Salivary Gland Infection)
When saliva flow is blocked or reduced, bacteria can multiply, leading to infection. Sialadenitis typically causes painful swelling in the cheeks or under the chin, redness, fever, and sometimes pus discharge. It’s more common in older adults or people with dehydration, poor oral hygiene, or a history of salivary stones. Prompt treatment with antibiotics, hydration, and warm compresses usually leads to recovery, but chronic cases may require further investigation.

3. Sjögren’s Syndrome (An Autoimmune Disorder)
This chronic autoimmune condition specifically targets moisture-producing glands, including the salivary and tear glands. As your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, saliva production drops, leading to persistent dry mouth (xerostomia), difficulty speaking or swallowing, and increased risk of dental cavities. Dry eyes and joint pain often accompany the oral symptoms. While there’s no cure, treatments focus on symptom relief and protecting long-term oral health.

4. Viral Infections (Such as Mumps)
The mumps virus is notorious for causing painful swelling of the parotid glands—located near the ears—leading to the classic "chipmunk cheeks." Though childhood vaccination has greatly reduced mumps cases, outbreaks still occur. Symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue alongside gland swelling. Most people recover fully, but complications like hearing loss or inflammation of the testes or ovaries can arise in rare cases. Other viruses, like influenza or Coxsackievirus, may also temporarily affect salivary glands.

5. Salivary Gland Tumors
Lumps in the face, neck, or mouth can be alarming—and one possible cause is a tumor in the salivary glands. Most such tumors are benign (non-cancerous), like pleomorphic adenomas, but some can be malignant. Warning signs include a painless or growing lump, facial weakness, or difficulty moving the face muscles. Diagnosis typically involves imaging, biopsy, and sometimes surgery. Early detection greatly improves outcomes, so any persistent lump should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Take Care of Your Salivary Glands
Salivary gland issues can range from temporary and mild to chronic or serious. Staying well-hydrated, practicing good oral hygiene, and seeking timely medical attention for symptoms like swelling, pain, or dry mouth can go a long way in preventing complications. If you’re experiencing any of these conditions, consult a doctor—ideally an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist or oral medicine expert—for proper diagnosis and care.

Your saliva does more than you think. Treat your salivary glands right, and they’ll keep supporting your health, one drop at a time.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.